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{{nimi ijo|'''sitelen Luno'''|*rūnō (wan), *rūnôz (mute)|toki mama Kemani}} li nasin sitelen. tenpo pini la toki pi [[kulupu toki Kemani]] li kepeken sitelen Luno. tenpo ante la sitelen Luno ante li lon. ma ante la sitelen Luno ante li lon. sitelen Luno pi sin ala en sitelen Luno sin en sitelen Luno Inli Lilan en sitelen Luno pi tenpo meso li lon.<ref name=":0">Barnes, Michael P. (2012). ''Runes: A Handbook''. Woodbridge: Boydell. ISBN 9781843837787.</ref> == sitelen Luno pi sin ala == jan li kepeken sitelen Luno pi sin ala tan poka pi tenpo sike nanpa 100 tawa poka pi tenpo sike nanpa 700.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Elder Futhark.svg|thumb|sitelen Luno pi sin ala.]] {| class="wikitable" |+ sitelen pi sitelen Luno pi sin ala |- ! sitelen !! nimi<ref name=":0" /> !! sitelen Lasina !! kalama<ref name=":0" /> |- | ᚠ || *fehu || f || /f/ |- | ᚢ || *ūruz || u || /u/ |- | ᚦ || *þurisaz (?) || þ || /θ/ |- | ᚨ || *ansuz || a || /a/ |- | ᚱ || *raiðō || r || /r/ |- | ᚲ || *kauna (?) || k || /k/ |- | ᚷ || *geƀō || g || /ɡ/ ([ɡ], [ɣ]) |- | ᚹ || *wunjō || w || /w/ |- | ᚺ || *haʒalaz || h || /h/ ([x], [h]) |- | ᚾ || *nauðiz || n || /n/ |- | ᛁ || *īsaz || i || /i/ |- | ᛃ || *jāra || j || /j/ |- | ᛇ || *ī(h)waz (?) || æ<ref name=":0" />, ẹ<ref name=":1">Jansson, Sven B.F. (1984). ''Runinskrifter i Sverige'' (3 ed.). AWE/Gebers. ISBN 9120070306.</ref> || /i(ː)/ (?) |- | ᛈ || *perþō (?) || p || /p/ |- | ᛉ || *alʒiz (?) || z || /z/ |- | ᛊ || *sōwilō || s || /s/ |- | ᛏ || *tīwaz || t || /t/ |- | ᛒ || *berkana || b || /b/ ([b], [β]) |- | ᛖ || *ehwaz || e || /e/ |- | ᛗ || *mannaz || m || /m/ |- | ᛚ || *laʒuz || l || /l/ |- | ᛜ || *ingwaz || ŋ<ref name=":0" />, ng<ref name=":1" /> || [(i)ŋ(ɡ)] |- | ᛟ || *ōþala/*ōþila || o || /o/ |- | ᛞ || *daʒaz || d || /d/ ([d], [ð]) |} kulupi pi sitelen ale pi sitelen Luno la sitelen ᛈ li ken lon sinpin pi sitelen ᛇ kin (...ᛃᛈᛇᛉ...). sitelen ᛞ li ken lon sinpin pi sitelen ᛟ kin (...ᛜᛞᛟ).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1 /> tenpo mute la jan li sitelen ala e sitelen "ᚾᛞ" e sitelen "ᛗᛒ" e sitelen "ᚾᚷ" e sitelen "ᛜᚷ". jan ni li sitelen e sitelen ᛞ taso e sitelen ᛒ taso e sitelen ᚷ taso.<ref name=":0" /> == sitelen Luno sin == jan pi [[toki Nolon]] li kepeken sitelen Luno sin tan poka pi tenpo sike nanpa 700. sitelen Luno sin suli en sitelen Luno sin lili li lon. ken la sitelen Luno sin suli li tan [[ma Tansi]]. ken la sitelen Luno sin lili li tan [[ma Sensa]] tan [[ma Nosiki]].<ref name=":0" /> sitelen Luno sin la jan li weka e sitelen tan sitelen Luno pi sin ala. jan li ante e sitelen. jan li sitelen e kalama mute kepeken sitelen wan.<ref name=":1" /> [[File:Early Younger Futhark.svg|thumb|sitelen Luno sin pi tenpo open pi sitelen Luno sin.]] [[File:Long-Branch Younger Futhark.svg|thumb|sitelen Luno sin suli.]] [[File:Short-Twig Younger Futhark.svg|thumb|sitelen Luno sin lili.]] [[File:Norwegian Younger Futhark.svg|thumb|jan mute pi ma Nosiki li kepeken sitelen Luno ni.]] {| class="wikitable" |+ sitelen pi sitelen Luno sin |- ! sitelen pi sitelen Luno sin suli !! sitelen pi sitelen Luno sin lili !! sitelen Lasina !! kalama<ref name=":0" /> |- | ᚠ || ᚠ || f || [f], [β] |- | ᚢ || ᚢ || u || [u], [o], [y], [ø], [w] |- | ᚦ || ᚦ || þ || [θ], [ð] |- | ᚬ || ᚭ || ã<ref name=":0" />, ą<ref name=":1" /> || [ã] |- | ᚱ || ᚱ || r || [r] |- | ᚴ || ᚴ || k || [k], [ɡ], [ɣ], ([nk], [nɡ]) |- | ᚼ || ᚽ || h || [h], [x] |- | ᚾ || ᚿ || n || [n] |- | ᛁ || ᛁ || i || [i], [e] |- | ᛅ || ᛆ || a || [a], [æ], [ɔ] |- | ᛋ || ᛌ || s || [s] |- | ᛏ || ᛐ || t || [t], [d], ([nt], [nd]) |- | ᛒ || ᛓ || b || [b], [p], ([mb], [mp]) |- | ᛘ || ᛙ || m || [m] |- | ᛚ || ᛚ || l || [l] |- | ᛦ || ᛧ || ʀ || [ʑ] |} === sitelen Luno pi palisa ala === [[File:Staveless Runes.svg|thumb|sitelen Luno ni pi palisa ala li lon ma Esinlan.]] sitelen Luno pi palisa ala li sitelen Luno sin li jo e palisa ala. sitelen pi sitelen Luno pi palisa ala li lon {{lipu li ala|ma Esinlan|Hälsingland}} lon {{lipu li ala|ma Senlan|Södermanland, Sörmland}} lon {{lipu li ala|ma Upilan|Uppland}} lon {{lipu li ala|ma Metepa|Medelpad}} lon [[ma tomo Peken]].<ref name=":0" /> == sitelen Luno Inli Lilan == jan pi [[ma Inli]] en jan pi {{lipu li ala|ma Lilan|Frŷslan}} li kepeken sitelen Luno Inli Lilan tan poka pi tenpo sike nanpa 450 tawa poka pi tenpo sike nanpa 1000. [[File:Anglo-Frisian Runes.svg|thumb|sitelen Luno Inli Lilan.]] {| class="wikitable" |+ sitelen pi sitelen Luno Inli Lilan |- ! sitelen !! sitelen Lasina !! kalama |- | ᚠ || f || /f/ |- | ᚢ || u || /u/ |- | ᚦ || þ || /θ/ |- | ᚩ || o || /o/ |- | ᚱ || r || /r/ |- | ᚳ || c || /c/ |- | ᚷ || g || /ɟ/ |- | ᚹ || w || /w/ |- | ᚻ || h || /h/ |- | ᚾ || n || /n/ |- | ᛁ || i || /i/ |- | ᛡ || j || /j/ |- | ᛇ || ɨ<ref name=":2">Page, R.I. (2006). ''An introduction to English runes (2 ed.)''. Woodbridge: Boydell. ISBN 9780851159461.</ref> || /i/, /j/, [ç], [x] |- | ᛈ || p || /p/ |- | ᛉ || x || /ks/ |- | ᛋ || s || /s/ |- | ᛏ || t || /t/ |- | ᛒ || b || /b/ |- | ᛖ || e || /e/ |- | ᛗ || m || /m/ |- | ᛚ || l || /l/ |- | ᛝ || ŋ || /ŋ(ɡ)/ |- | ᛞ || d || /d/ |- | ᛟ || œ || /ø/ |- | ᚪ || a || /a/ |- | ᚫ || æ || /æ/ |- | ᚣ || y || /y/ |- | ᛠ || ea<ref name=":0" />, e͡a<ref name=":2" /> || /æa/ |} sitelen ᚣ en sitelen ᛠ li lon ma Lilan ala.<ref name=":0" /> tenpo lili la jan pi ma Inli li kepeken sitelen ni: {| class="wikitable" |+ sitelen ante pi sitelen Luno pi ma Inli |- ! sitelen !! sitelen Lasina !! kalama |- | ᚸ || ḡ<ref name=":2" /> || /ɡ/ |- | ᛣ || k || /k/ |- | ᛤ || k̄<ref name=":2" /> || /k/ (?) |- | ᛄ || j (?) || /j/ |} == sitelen Luno pi tenpo meso == sitelen Luno sin li kama ante tan poka pi tenpo sike nanpa 1000 tawa poka pi tenpo sike nanpa 1300. jan li wile e sitelen pi kalama pi ante lili la jan li pana e sike lili tawa sitelen. taso, kalama ni la jan li ken kepeken sitelen pi sike lili ala kin.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Medieval Runes.svg|thumb|sitelen Luno pi tenpo meso.]] {| class="wikitable" |+ sitelen pi sike lili |- ! sitelen !! sitelen Lasina !! kalama pi tenpo mute !! kalama pi tenpo lili |- | ᚤ || y || /y/, /ø/<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> || /o/<ref name=":0" /> |- | ᚵ || g || [ɡ], [ɣ]<ref name=":0" /> || |- | ᛂ || e || /e/, /æ/<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> || [j]<ref name=":0" /> |- | ᛑ || d || /d/<ref name=":0" /> || |- | ᛔ || p || /p/<ref name=":0" /> || |- | ᚡ || v || /v/<ref name=":0" /> || |- | ᚧ || ð || /ð/<ref name=":0" /> || |- | ᚶ || G<ref name=":1" /> || [ŋg]<ref name=":0" /> || |- | ᛀ || N<ref name=":1" /> || (?) || |- | ᛛ || L<ref name=":1" /> || (?) || |} tenpo open la jan li kepeken sitelen ᚤ kepeken sitelen ᚵ kepeken sitelen ᛂ. jan li kepeken sitelen ante ala pi sike lili.<ref name=":0" /> {{lipu li ala|ma Kolan|Gotland}} la jan li kepeken sitelen ᚶ kepeken sitelen ᛀ kepeken sitelen ᛛ. ma ante la jan li kepeken ona ala. sitelen ᚶ en sitelen ᛀ li lon kiwen wan taso.<ref name=":0" /> jan li kepeken sitelen ni kin<ref name=":0" />: {| class="wikitable" |+ sitelen sin |- ! sitelen !! sitelen Lasina !! kalama |- | ᛕ || p || /p/<ref name=":0" /> |} ma Nosiki la kalama pi sitelen ᛦ li kama kalama /r/. taso, kalama pi sitelen ᚱ kin li kalama /r/ la jan li ante e kalama pi sitelen ᛦ. nimi pi sitelen ᛦ li kama nimi "Ýr" la kalama sin pi sitelen ᛦ li kalama /y/. jan pi ma Nosiki li kepeken kalama sin pi sitelen ᛦ la jan pi ma ante kin li ante e kalama pi sitelen ᛦ.<ref name=":0" /> sitelen Luno sin la kalama pi sitelen ᚬ en kalama pi sitelen ᚭ li kalama sama. sitelen Luno pi tenpo meso la kalama pi sitelen ᚮ en kalama pi sitelen ᚯ li kalama sama ala. sitelen Luno sin la kalama pi sitelen ᛆ en kalama pi sitelen ᛅ li kalama sama. sitelen Luno pi tenpo meso la kalama pi sitelen ᛆ en kalama pi sitelen ᛅ li kalama sama ala. tenpo lili la jan li kepeken sitelen ᚰ. kalama pi sitelen ᚰ li kalama /ɔ/. {{lipu li ala|ma Okini|Orkney}} la poka pi tenpo sike 1100 la kalama pi sitelen ᚯ li kalama /ɔ/. sitelen pi kalama /ø/ li jo e palisa tu wan.<ref name=":0" /> (sitelen ni li lon [[kulupu sitelen Juniko]] ala.) {| class="wikitable" |+ sitelen pi kalama sin |- ! sitelen !! sitelen Lasina !! kalama |- | ᛦ || y || /y/<ref name=":0" /> |- | ᚮ || o || /o/, /ɔ/<ref name=":0" /> |- | ᚯ || ø || /ø/, (tenpo lili la) /ɔ/<ref name=":0" /> |- | ᛆ || a || /a/<ref name=":0" /> |- | ᛅ || æ || /æ/<ref name=":0" /> |} taso, jan li toki e ni: sitelen pi sike lili en sitelen pi sike lili ala li sitelen sama. sitelen ᚮ en sitelen ᚯ li sitelen sama. sitelen ᛆ en sitelen ᛅ li sitelen sama. taso, kalama li ante.<ref name=":0" /> tenpo open ala la jan li toki e ni: sitelen ᛋ li sama sitelen S pi [[sitelen Lasina]]. sitelen ᛌ li sama sitelen C pi sitelen Lasina sama sitelen Z pi sitelen Lasina. taso, jan ale li toki ala e ijo sama. jan ante li toki e ni: sitelen ᛌ li sama sitelen S pi sitelen Lasina. sitelen ᛋ li sama sitelen C pi sitelen Lasina sama sitelen Z pi sitelen Lasina.<ref name=":0" /> == tan sona == <references /> [[kulupu:nasin pi sitelen toki]]
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