→kalama pini
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toki | {{nasin toki ike}} | ||
{{poki sona toki | |||
|nimi toki=toki Ju | |||
|nimi mama=吴语/吳語 | |||
|kulupu toki=Sonko Po | |||
|kulupu toki ante=*[[kulupu toki Sonko|Sonko]] | |||
|ma=[[ma tomo Sane]] en [[ma Sesijan]] en ma ante | |||
|nasin sitelen= | |||
|ISO 639-1= | |||
|ISO 639-2= | |||
|ISO 639-3=wuu | |||
|Glottolog=wuch1236 | |||
|Linguasphere=79-AAA-d | |||
|sitelen ma=[[sitelen:Idioma wu.png|220px]] | |||
|toki anpa pi sitelen ma=ma pi toki Ju (laso) | |||
}} | |||
'''toki Ju''' li ante pi [[toki Sonko]]. tenpo sike 2007 la jan 80,000,000 pi toki Ju li lon. | |||
{{lili ike}} | |||
== kalama == | |||
=== kalama open === | |||
ni li kulupu pi kalama open pi toki Ju pi ma Sane (toki Sane) pi tenpo meso, poka sitelen nasin Uni poka sitelen ijo. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||
|+ kalama open | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
!open uta | |||
!uta sewi sinpin | |||
!supa pi uta sewi | |||
!uta sewi monsi | |||
!lupa | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! colspan="2" |nena | |||
|m ⟨m⟩ | |||
美悶梅門 | |||
|n ⟨n⟩ | |||
拿囡內男 | |||
|ɲ ⟨gn⟩ | |||
粘扭泥牛 | |||
|ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | |||
砑我外鵝 | |||
| | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! rowspan="3" |pini kalama | |||
!ijo | |||
|p ⟨p⟩ | |||
布幫北 | |||
|t ⟨t⟩ | |||
膽懂德 | |||
| | |||
|k ⟨k⟩ | |||
干公夾 | |||
|(ʔ) | |||
鴨衣烏 | |||
|- align="center" | |||
!kon | |||
|pʰ ⟨ph⟩ | |||
怕胖劈 | |||
|tʰ ⟨th⟩ | |||
透聽鐵 | |||
| | |||
|kʰ ⟨kh⟩ | |||
開擴康 | |||
| | |||
|- align="center" | |||
!ko | |||
|b ⟨b⟩ | |||
步盆拔 | |||
|d ⟨d⟩ | |||
地動奪 | |||
| | |||
|ɡ ⟨g⟩ | |||
葵共軋 | |||
| | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! rowspan="3" |pini kalama lili | |||
!ijo | |||
| | |||
|ts ⟨ts⟩ | |||
煮增質 | |||
|tɕ ⟨c⟩ | |||
舉精腳 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- align="center" | |||
!kon | |||
| | |||
|tsʰ ⟨tsh⟩ | |||
處倉出 | |||
|tɕʰ ⟨ch⟩ | |||
丘輕切 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- align="center" | |||
!ko | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|dʑ ⟨j⟩ | |||
旗羣劇 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! rowspan="2" |pini lili | |||
!ijo | |||
|f ⟨f⟩ | |||
飛粉福 | |||
|s ⟨s⟩ | |||
書松色 | |||
|ɕ ⟨sh⟩ | |||
修血曉 | |||
| | |||
|h ⟨h⟩ | |||
花荒忽 | |||
|- align="center" | |||
!ko | |||
|v ⟨v⟩ | |||
扶服浮 | |||
|z ⟨z⟩ | |||
樹從石 | |||
|ʑ ⟨zh⟩ | |||
徐秦絕 | |||
| | |||
|ɦ ⟨gh⟩, ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩ | |||
鞋移胡雨 | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |kalama poka | |||
| | |||
|l ⟨l⟩ | |||
拉賴領 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|}toki Sane li kulupu pi pini kalama pi ijo en kon en ko, en pini kalama lili en pini lili pi ijo en ko.kin la kalama open pi supa pi uta sewi li lon toki Sane. | |||
===kalama pini=== | |||
toki Sane li toki Ju, toki Sane li kalama lili mute. The following is a list of all possible finals in Middle Period Shanghainese, as well as the Wugniu romanisation and example characters.<ref>Xu and Tang 1988, pp. 8</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" |Medial!! colspan="15" |Nucleus | |||
|- | |||
!∅!!a!!ɔ!!o | |||
!ɤ | |||
!e | |||
!ø | |||
!ã | |||
!ɑ̃ | |||
!ən | |||
!oŋ | |||
!aʔ | |||
!oʔ | |||
!əʔ | |||
!''telo'' | |||
|- | |||
!∅ | |||
|ɿ ⟨y⟩ | |||
知次住 | |||
|a ⟨a⟩ | |||
太柴鞋 | |||
|ɔ ⟨au⟩ | |||
寶朝高 | |||
|o ⟨o⟩ | |||
花摸蛇 | |||
|ɤ ⟨eu⟩ | |||
斗丑狗 | |||
|e ⟨e⟩ | |||
雷來蘭 | |||
|ø ⟨oe⟩ | |||
干最亂 | |||
|ã ⟨an⟩ | |||
冷長硬 | |||
|ɑ̃ ⟨aon⟩ | |||
黨放忙 | |||
|ən ⟨en⟩ | |||
奮登論 | |||
|oŋ ⟨on⟩ | |||
翁蟲風 | |||
|aʔ ⟨aq⟩ | |||
辣麥客 | |||
|oʔ ⟨oq⟩ | |||
北郭目 | |||
|əʔ ⟨eq⟩ | |||
舌色割 | |||
|əl ⟨er⟩ | |||
而爾'''耳''' | |||
|- | |||
!i | |||
|i ⟨i⟩ | |||
基錢微 | |||
|ia ⟨ia⟩ | |||
野寫亞 | |||
|iɔ ⟨iau⟩ | |||
條蕉搖 | |||
| | |||
|iɤ ⟨ieu⟩ | |||
流尤休 | |||
|ie ⟨ie⟩ | |||
廿械'''也''' | |||
| | |||
|iã ⟨ian⟩ | |||
良象陽 | |||
|iɑ̃ ⟨iaon⟩ | |||
'''旺''' | |||
|in ⟨in⟩ | |||
緊靈'''人''' | |||
|ioŋ ⟨ion⟩ | |||
窮榮濃 | |||
|iaʔ ⟨iaq⟩ | |||
藥腳略 | |||
|ioʔ ⟨ioq⟩ | |||
肉浴玉 | |||
|iɪʔ ⟨iq⟩ | |||
筆亦吃 | |||
|m ⟨m⟩ | |||
'''呣畝'''嘸 | |||
|- | |||
!u | |||
|u ⟨u⟩ | |||
波歌做 | |||
|ua ⟨ua⟩ | |||
怪淮娃 | |||
| || | |||
| | |||
|ue ⟨ue⟩ | |||
回慣彎 | |||
|uø ⟨uoe⟩ | |||
官歡緩 | |||
|uã ⟨uan⟩ | |||
橫光 | |||
|uɑ̃ ⟨uaon⟩ | |||
廣狂況 | |||
|uən ⟨uen⟩ | |||
困魂溫 | |||
| | |||
|uaʔ ⟨uaq⟩ | |||
挖划刮 | |||
| | |||
|uəʔ ⟨ueq⟩ | |||
活擴骨 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!y | |||
|y ⟨iu⟩ | |||
居女羽 | |||
| || || | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|yø ⟨ioe⟩ | |||
園軟權 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|yn ⟨iun⟩ | |||
均雲訓 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|yɪʔ ⟨iuq⟩ | |||
血缺悅 | |||
|ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | |||
五'''魚午''' | |||
|} | |||
耳 li kepeken e kalama ni lon lipu toki. | |||
也 li kepeken e kalama ni lon lipu toki. | |||
旺 li kepeken e kalama ni lon lipu toki. | |||
人 li kepeken e kalama ni lon lipu toki. | |||
呣 en 畝 li kepeken e kalama ni lon anpa toki. | |||
魚 en 午 li kepeken e kalama ni lon anpa toki. | |||
sitelen pi kepeken lon sewi li pona, ni li ante tan sitelen kalama ale lon ni:<ref>Chen and Gussenhoven 2015.</ref><ref>Xu and Tang 1988, pp. 8.</ref><ref name="dupref1">Qian 2007.</ref> | |||
*/n/ li ken kalama tan [n ~ ŋ]. | |||
*/ɑ̃/ li sike tan [ɒ̃] lon tenpo mute. | |||
*/ɔ/ sama kalama pini /ɔ/ en /iɔ/ li anpa tan [ɔ̞], taso /o/ lon /oʔ/ en /ioʔ/ li anpa tan [o̞] lon tenpo mute. | |||
*/iɪʔ/ li kalama tan [ɪʔ] sinpin open uta, sinpin uta sewi sinpin. taso ni li kalama tan [iɪʔ] sinpin lupa sinpin supa pi uta sewi. | |||
*kalama lili sewi li ken pakala monsi /n/. | |||
*/yɪʔ/ li ken wan poka /ioʔ/, ni li pali e wan weka pi kalama pini. | |||
*kalama pini poka /ʔ/ pini li lili e kalama lili lon pini ala. | |||
*uta li sike mute ala lon kalama lili sike, kin uta li ala sike mute ala lon kalama lili pi sike ala. | |||
*/u, o/ li mute sama, ni li [ɯ̽ᵝ, ʊ]. kin la /i, jɛ/ li mute kalama sama, ni li [i̞, i]. | |||
*kalama meso /i/ li kalama tan [ɥ] lon kalama lili sike. | |||
*toki Sonko meso /-m -n -ŋ/ li wan lon toki Ju. toki Sonko meso /-p -t -k/ li kama tan /-ʔ/.[48] | |||